@article {1602484, title = {Imaging evolution of the primate brain: the next frontier?}, journal = {NeuroImage}, volume = {228}, number = {117685}, year = {2021}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117685}, author = {Friedrich P, , , , , , , , , , and Forkel SJ and Amiez C and Balsters JH and Coulon O and Fan L and Goulas A and Hadj-Bouziane F and Hecht EE and Heuer K and Jiang T and Latzman R and Liu X and Loh KK and Patil KR and Lopez-Persem A and Procyk E and Sallet J and Toro R and Vickery S and Weis S and Wilson CRE and Xu T and Zerbi V and Eickoff SB and Margulies DS and Mars RB and Thiebaut de Schotten M} } @article {1613576, title = {Neurodevelopmental scaling is a major driver of brain{\textendash}behavior differences in temperament across dog breeds}, journal = {Brain Structure and Function}, volume = {226}, year = {2021}, pages = {2725{\textendash}2739}, author = {Hecht EE and Zapata, I and Alvarez, CA and Gutman, D A and Preuss, T M and Kent, M and Serpell, JA} } @article {1602488, title = {Neuromorphological Changes following Selection for Tameness and Aggression in the Russian Farm-Fox experiment}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, volume = {41}, number = {28}, year = {2021}, pages = {6144{\textendash}56}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3114-20.2021}, author = {Hecht EE and Kukekova AV and Gutman DA and Acland GM and Preuss TM and Trut LN} } @article {1602476, title = {Sex differences in the brains of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus [Cebus] apella)}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, volume = {529}, number = {2}, year = {2021}, pages = {327-339}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.24950}, author = {Hecht EE and Reilly OT and Ben{\'\i}tez ME and Phillips KA and Brosnan SF} } @article {1602457, title = {A novel social attribution paradigm: The Dynamic Interacting Shape Clips (DISC)}, journal = {Brain and Cognition}, volume = {138}, year = {2020}, pages = {105507}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2019.105507}, author = {Ludwig NN and Hecht EE and King TZ and Revill KP and Moore M and Fink SE and Robins DL} } @article {1469444, title = {Hypothalamic transcriptome of tame and aggressive silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) identifies gene expression differences shared across brain regions}, journal = {Genes, Brain and Behavior}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, year = {2020}, pages = {e12614}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/gbb.12614}, author = {Cheryl S. Rosenfeld and Jessica P. Hekman and Jennifer J. Johnson and Zhen Lyu and Madison T. Ortega and Trupti Joshi and Jiude Mao and Anastasiya V. Vladimorova and Rimma G. Gulevich and Anastasiya V. Kharlamova and Gregory M. Acland and Erin E. Hecht and Wang, Xu and Andrew G. Clark and Lyudmila N. Trut and Susanta K. Behura and Anna V. Kukekova} } @article {1460681, title = {Significant neuroanatomical variation among domestic dog breeds}, journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience}, year = {2019}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0303-19.2019}, author = {Erin E. Hecht and Jeroen B. Smaers and William D. Dunn and Marc Kent and Todd M. Preuss and David A. Gutman} } @article {1337137, title = {Intranasal oxytocin in rhesus monkeys alters brain networks that detect social salience and reward}, journal = {Am J Primatol}, year = {2018}, month = {2018 Sep 17}, pages = {e22915}, abstract = {In primates, resting state functional neuroimaging (rsfcMRI) has identified several large-scale, intrinsic brain networks, including the salience network (SN), which is involved in detecting stimulus salience. Intranasal oxytocin (IN-OT) has been shown to modulate the salience and rewarding quality of social stimuli in mammals and numerous studies have shown that it can affect the functional connectivity between brain regions. Less is known, however, about how these effects unfold over time following IN-OT administration. This study used rsfcMRI in anesthetized rhesus macaques to track temporal changes in the functional connectivity between brain regions involved in the SN, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), anterior insula (AI), amygdala (amy), and ventral striatum (vstr), lasting 3 hr after IN-OT or Placebo (saline) administration. We found significant temporal changes in the functional connectivity between all regions associated with treatment condition. IN-OT increased the functional connectivity between AI_vstr, ACC_amy (right hemisphere), ACC_vstr (left hemisphere), and amy_vstr (right hemisphere), but reduced the functional connectivity between ACC_AI, and the AI_amygdala. These results suggest that IN-OT may dampen salience detection in rhesus monkeys, consistent with previous findings of reduced social vigilance, while enhancing the connectivity between the SN and regions involved in processing reward.}, issn = {1098-2345}, doi = {10.1002/ajp.22915}, author = {Parr, Lisa A and Mitchell, Thomas and Hecht, Erin} } @article {1339080, title = {Plasticity, innateness, and the path to language in the primate brain: Comparing macaque, chimpanzee and human circuitry for visuomotor integration.}, journal = {Interaction Studies}, volume = {19}, number = {1-2}, year = {2018}, pages = {54-69}, author = {Hecht, E.E.} } @article {1339082, title = {Adaptations to vision-for-action in primate brain evolution: Comment on {\textquotedblleft}Towards a Computational Comparative Neuroprimatology: Framing the Language-Ready Brain{\textquotedblright} by M. Arbib. }, journal = {Physics of Life Reviews}, volume = {16}, year = {2017}, pages = {74-76}, author = {Hecht, E.E.} } @article {1337127, title = {Associations between autistic traits and fractional anisotropy values in white matter tracts in a nonclinical sample of young adults}, journal = {Exp Brain Res}, volume = {235}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 01}, pages = {259-267}, abstract = {Whereas a number of studies have examined relationships among brain activity, social cognitive skills, and autistic traits, fewer studies have evaluated whether structural connections among brain regions relate to these traits and skills. Uncinate fasciculus (UF) and inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) are white matter tracts that may underpin the behavioral expression of these skills because they connect regions within or provide sensory information to brain areas implicated in social cognition, and structural differences in these tracts have been associated with autistic traits. We examined relationships among self-reported autistic traits, mentalizing, and water diffusivity in UF and ILF in a nonclinical sample of 24 young adults (mean age~=~21.92~years, SD~=~4.72~years; 15 women). We measured autistic traits using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient, and we measured mentalizing using the Dynamic Interactive Shapes Clips task. We used Tract-Based Spatial Statistics and randomize to examine relationships among fractional anisotropy (FA) values in bilateral ILF and UF, age, cognitive abilities, autistic traits, and mentalizing. Autistic traits were positively related to FA values in left ILF. No other relationships between FA values and other variables were significant. Results suggest that left ILF may be involved in the expression of autistic traits in individuals without clinical diagnoses.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Anisotropy, Autistic Disorder, Brain Mapping, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, Neuropsychological Tests, Sex Characteristics, Statistics as Topic, Theory of Mind, White Matter, Young Adult}, issn = {1432-1106}, doi = {10.1007/s00221-016-4791-5}, author = {Bradstreet, Lauren E and Hecht, Erin E and King, Tricia Z and Turner, Jessica L and Robins, Diana L} } @article {1337124, title = {Evolutionary neuroscience of cumulative culture}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 Jul 24}, abstract = {Culture suffuses all aspects of human life. It shapes our minds and bodies and has provided a cumulative inheritance of knowledge, skills, institutions, and artifacts that allows us to truly stand on the shoulders of giants. No other species approaches the extent, diversity, and complexity of human culture, but we remain unsure how this came to be. The very uniqueness of human culture is both a puzzle and a problem. It is puzzling as to why more species have not adopted this manifestly beneficial strategy and problematic because the comparative methods of evolutionary biology are ill suited to explain unique events. Here, we develop a more particularistic and mechanistic evolutionary neuroscience approach to cumulative culture, taking into account experimental, developmental, comparative, and archaeological evidence. This approach reconciles currently competing accounts of the origins of human culture and develops the concept of a uniquely human technological niche rooted in a shared primate heritage of visuomotor coordination and dexterous manipulation.}, issn = {1091-6490}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1620738114}, author = {Stout, Dietrich and Hecht, Erin E} } @article {1337125, title = {Intranasal oxytocin reduces social perception in women: Neural activation and individual variation}, journal = {Neuroimage}, volume = {147}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 02 15}, pages = {314-329}, abstract = {Most intranasal oxytocin research to date has been carried out in men, but recent studies indicate that females{\textquoteright} responses can differ substantially from males{\textquoteright}. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involved an all-female sample of 28 women not using hormonal contraception. Participants viewed animations of geometric shapes depicting either random movement or social interactions such as playing, chasing, or fighting. Probe questions asked whether any shapes were "friends" or "not friends." Social videos were preceded by cues to attend to either social relationships or physical size changes. All subjects received intranasal placebo spray at scan 1. While the experimenter was not blinded to nasal spray contents at Scan 1, the participants were. Scan 2 followed a randomized, double-blind design. At scan 2, half received a second placebo dose while the other half received 24 IU of intranasal oxytocin. We measured neural responses to these animations at baseline, as well as the change in neural activity induced by oxytocin. Oxytocin reduced activation in early visual cortex and dorsal-stream motion processing regions for the social > size contrast, indicating reduced activity related to social attention. Oxytocin also reduced endorsements that shapes were "friends" or "not friends," and this significantly correlated with reduction in neural activation. Furthermore, participants who perceived fewer social relationships at baseline were more likely to show oxytocin-induced increases in a broad network of regions involved in social perception and social cognition, suggesting that lower social processing at baseline may predict more positive neural responses to oxytocin.}, keywords = {Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Brain, Double-Blind Method, Female, Functional Neuroimaging, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neurotransmitter Agents, Oxytocin, Social Perception, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Visual Perception, Young Adult}, issn = {1095-9572}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.046}, author = {Hecht, Erin E and Robins, Diana L and Gautam, Pritam and King, Tricia Z} } @article {1337126, title = {A neuroanatomical predictor of mirror self-recognition in chimpanzees}, journal = {Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 01 01}, pages = {37-48}, abstract = {The ability to recognize one{\textquoteright}s own reflection is shared by humans and only a few other species, including chimpanzees. However, this ability is highly variable across individual chimpanzees. In humans, self-recognition involves a distributed, right-lateralized network including frontal and parietal regions involved in the production and perception of action. The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) is a system of white matter tracts linking these frontal and parietal regions. The current study measured mirror self-recognition (MSR) and SLF anatomy in 60 chimpanzees using diffusion tensor imaging. Successful self-recognition was associated with greater rightward asymmetry in the white matter of SLFII and SLFIII, and in SLFIII{\textquoteright}s gray matter terminations in Broca{\textquoteright}s area. We observed a visible progression of SLFIII{\textquoteright}s prefrontal extension in apes that show negative, ambiguous, and compelling evidence of MSR. Notably, SLFIII{\textquoteright}s terminations in Broca{\textquoteright}s area are not right-lateralized or particularly pronounced at the population level in chimpanzees, as they are in humans. Thus, chimpanzees with more human-like behavior show more human-like SLFIII connectivity. These results suggest that self-recognition may have co-emerged with adaptations to frontoparietal circuitry.}, keywords = {Animals, Brain, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Female, Functional Neuroimaging, Gray Matter, Male, Nerve Net, Pan troglodytes, Recognition (Psychology), Self Concept, White Matter}, issn = {1749-5024}, doi = {10.1093/scan/nsw159}, author = {Hecht, E E and Mahovetz, L M and Preuss, T M and Hopkins, W D} } @article {1337131, title = {Acquisition of Paleolithic toolmaking abilities involves structural remodeling to inferior frontoparietal regions}, journal = {Brain Struct Funct}, volume = {220}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Jul}, pages = {2315-31}, abstract = {Human ancestors first modified stones into tools 2.6 million years ago, initiating a cascading increase in technological complexity that continues today. A parallel trend of brain expansion during the Paleolithic has motivated over 100 years of theorizing linking stone toolmaking and human brain evolution, but empirical support remains limited. Our study provides the first direct experimental evidence identifying likely neuroanatomical targets of natural selection acting on toolmaking ability. Subjects received MRI and DTI scans before, during, and after a 2-year Paleolithic toolmaking training program. White matter fractional anisotropy (FA) showed changes in branches of the superior longitudinal fasciculus leading into left supramarginal gyrus, bilateral ventral precentral gyri, and right inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis. FA increased from Scan 1-2, a period of intense training, and decreased from Scan 2-3, a period of reduced training. Voxel-based morphometry found a similar trend toward gray matter expansion in the left supramarginal gyrus from Scan 1-2 and a reversal of this effect from Scan 2-3. FA changes correlated with training hours and with motor performance, and probabilistic tractography confirmed that white matter changes projected to gray matter changes and to regions that activate during Paleolithic toolmaking. These results show that acquisition of Paleolithic toolmaking skills elicits structural remodeling of recently evolved brain regions supporting human tool use, providing a mechanistic link between stone toolmaking and human brain evolution. These regions participate not only in toolmaking, but also in other complex functions including action planning and language, in keeping with the hypothesized co-evolution of these functions.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Biological Evolution, Brain Mapping, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motor Activity, Parietal Lobe, Tool Use Behavior, Young Adult}, issn = {1863-2661}, doi = {10.1007/s00429-014-0789-6}, author = {Hecht, E E and Gutman, D A and Khreisheh, N and Taylor, S V and Kilner, J and Faisal, A A and Bradley, B A and Chaminade, T and Stout, D} } @article {1337130, title = {Brain organization of gorillas reflects species differences in ecology}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, volume = {156}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Feb}, pages = {252-62}, abstract = {Gorillas include separate eastern (Gorilla beringei) and western (Gorilla gorilla) African species that diverged from each other approximately 2 million years ago. Although anatomical, genetic, behavioral, and socioecological differences have been noted among gorilla populations, little is known about variation in their brain structure. This study examines neuroanatomical variation between gorilla species using structural neuroimaging. Postmortem magnetic resonance images were obtained of brains from 18 captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), 15 wild mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), and 3 Grauer{\textquoteright}s gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri) (both wild and captive). Stereologic methods were used to measure volumes of brain structures, including left and right frontal lobe gray and white matter, temporal lobe gray and white matter, parietal and occipital lobes gray and white matter, insular gray matter, hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, each hemisphere and the vermis of the cerebellum, and the external and extreme capsules together with the claustrum. Among the species differences, the volumes of the hippocampus and cerebellum were significantly larger in G. gorilla than G. beringei. These anatomical differences may relate to divergent ecological adaptations of the two species. Specifically, G. gorilla engages in more arboreal locomotion and thus may rely more on cerebellar circuits. In addition, they tend to eat more fruit and have larger home ranges and consequently might depend more on spatial mapping functions of the hippocampus.}, keywords = {Animals, Biological Evolution, Brain, Ecosystem, Female, Gorilla gorilla, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Organ Size}, issn = {1096-8644}, doi = {10.1002/ajpa.22646}, author = {Barks, Sarah K and Calhoun, Michael E and Hopkins, William D and Cranfield, Michael R and Mudakikwa, Antoine and Stoinski, Tara S and Patterson, Francine G and Erwin, Joseph M and Hecht, Erin E and Hof, Patrick R and Sherwood, Chet C} } @article {1339083, title = {Cognitive demands of Lower Paleolithic toolmaking}, journal = {PLOS One}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0121804}, author = {Chaminade, T and Hecht, E E and Bradley, B and Stout, D} } @article {1337129, title = {A comparative analysis of mouse and human medial geniculate nucleus connectivity: a DTI and anterograde tracing study}, journal = {Neuroimage}, volume = {105}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Jan 15}, pages = {53-66}, abstract = {Understanding the function and connectivity of thalamic nuclei is critical for understanding normal and pathological brain function. The medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) has been studied mostly in the context of auditory processing and its connection to the auditory cortex. However, there is a growing body of evidence that the MGN and surrounding associated areas ({\textquoteright}MGN/S{\textquoteright}) have a diversity of projections including those to the globus pallidus, caudate/putamen, amygdala, hypothalamus, and thalamus. Concomitantly, pathways projecting to the medial geniculate include not only the inferior colliculus but also the auditory cortex, insula, cerebellum, and globus pallidus. Here we expand our understanding of the connectivity of the MGN/S by using comparative diffusion weighted imaging with probabilistic tractography in both human and mouse brains (most previous work was in rats). In doing so, we provide the first report that attempts to match probabilistic tractography results between human and mice. Additionally, we provide anterograde tracing results for the mouse brain, which corroborate the probabilistic tractography findings. Overall, the study provides evidence for the homology of MGN/S patterns of connectivity across species for understanding translational approaches to thalamic connectivity and function. Further, it points to the utility of DTI in both human studies and small animal modeling, and it suggests potential roles of these connections in human cognition, behavior, and disease. }, keywords = {Adult, Animals, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Female, Geniculate Bodies, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Middle Aged, Neural Pathways, Young Adult}, issn = {1095-9572}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.047}, author = {Keifer, Orion P and Gutman, David A and Hecht, Erin E and Keilholz, Shella D and Ressler, Kerry J} } @article {1337128, title = {Virtual dissection and comparative connectivity of the superior longitudinal fasciculus in chimpanzees and humans}, journal = {Neuroimage}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Mar}, pages = {124-37}, abstract = {Many of the behavioral capacities that distinguish humans from other primates rely on fronto-parietal circuits. The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) is the primary white matter tract connecting lateral frontal with lateral parietal regions; it is distinct from the arcuate fasciculus, which interconnects the frontal and temporal lobes. Here we report a direct, quantitative comparison of SLF connectivity using virtual in vivo dissection of the SLF in chimpanzees and humans. SLF I, the superior-most branch of the SLF, showed similar patterns of connectivity between humans and chimpanzees, and was proportionally volumetrically larger in chimpanzees. SLF II, the middle branch, and SLF III, the inferior-most branch, showed species differences in frontal connectivity. In humans, SLF II showed greater connectivity with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas in chimps SLF II showed greater connectivity with the inferior frontal gyrus. SLF III was right-lateralized and proportionally volumetrically larger in humans, and human SLF III showed relatively reduced connectivity with dorsal premotor cortex and greater extension into the anterior inferior frontal gyrus, especially in the right hemisphere. These results have implications for the evolution of fronto-parietal functions including spatial attention to observed actions, social learning, and tool use, and are in line with previous research suggesting a unique role for the right anterior inferior frontal gyrus in the evolution of human fronto-parietal network architecture. }, keywords = {Animals, Biological Evolution, Brain Mapping, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Dissection, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Neural Pathways, Pan troglodytes, Parietal Lobe, White Matter}, issn = {1095-9572}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.039}, author = {Hecht, Erin E and Gutman, David A and Bradley, Bruce A and Preuss, Todd M and Stout, Dietrich} } @article {1337133, title = {NSF workshop report: discovering general principles of nervous system organization by comparing brain maps across species}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, volume = {522}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 May 01}, pages = {1445-53}, abstract = {Efforts to understand nervous system structure and function have received new impetus from the federal Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative. Comparative analyses can contribute to this effort by leading to the discovery of general principles of neural circuit design, information processing, and gene-structure-function relationships that are not apparent from studies on single species. We here propose to extend the comparative approach to nervous system {\textquoteright}maps{\textquoteright} comprising molecular, anatomical, and physiological data. This research will identify which neural features are likely to generalize across species, and which are unlikely to be broadly conserved. It will also suggest causal relationships between genes, development, adult anatomy, physiology, and, ultimately, behavior. These causal hypotheses can then be tested experimentally. Finally, insights from comparative research can inspire and guide technological development. To promote this research agenda, we recommend that teams of investigators coalesce around specific research questions and select a set of {\textquoteright}reference species{\textquoteright} to anchor their comparative analyses. These reference species should be chosen not just for practical advantages, but also with regard for their phylogenetic position, behavioral repertoire, well-annotated genome, or other strategic reasons. We envision that the nervous systems of these reference species will be mapped in more detail than those of other species. The collected data may range from the molecular to the behavioral, depending on the research question. To integrate across levels of analysis and across species, standards for data collection, annotation, archiving, and distribution must be developed and respected. To that end, it will help to form networks or consortia of researchers and centers for science, technology, and education that focus on organized data collection, distribution, and training. These activities could be supported, at least in part, through existing mechanisms at NSF, NIH, and other agencies. It will also be important to develop new integrated software and database systems for cross-species data analyses. Multidisciplinary efforts to develop such analytical tools should be supported financially. Finally, training opportunities should be created to stimulate multidisciplinary, integrative research into brain structure, function, and evolution.}, keywords = {Animals, Brain, Brain Mapping, Evolution, Chemical, Gene Expression, Humans, Information Dissemination, Neural Pathways, Species Specificity}, issn = {1096-9861}, doi = {10.1002/cne.23568}, author = {Striedter, Georg F and Belgard, T Grant and Chen, Chun-Chun and Davis, Fred P and Finlay, Barbara L and G{\"u}nt{\"u}rk{\"u}n, Onur and Hale, Melina E and Harris, Julie A and Hecht, Erin E and Hof, Patrick R and Hofmann, Hans A and Holland, Linda Z and Iwaniuk, Andrew N and Jarvis, Erich D and Karten, Harvey J and Katz, Paul S and Kristan, William B and Macagno, Eduardo R and Mitra, Partha P and Moroz, Leonid L and Preuss, Todd M and Ragsdale, Clifton W and Sherwood, Chet C and Stevens, Charles F and St{\"u}ttgen, Maik C and Tsumoto, Tadaharu and Wilczynski, Walter} } @article {1337132, title = {NSF workshop report: discovering general principles of nervous system organization by comparing brain maps across species}, journal = {Brain Behav Evol}, volume = {83}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, pages = {1-8}, abstract = {Efforts to understand nervous system structure and function have received new impetus from the federal Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative. Comparative analyses can contribute to this effort by leading to the discovery of general principles of neural circuit design, information processing, and gene-structure-function relationships that are not apparent from studies on single species. We here propose to extend the comparative approach to nervous system {\textquoteright}maps{\textquoteright} comprising molecular, anatomical, and physiological data. This research will identify which neural features are likely to generalize across species, and which are unlikely to be broadly conserved. It will also suggest causal relationships between genes, development, adult anatomy, physiology, and, ultimately, behavior. These causal hypotheses can then be tested experimentally. Finally, insights from comparative research can inspire and guide technological development. To promote this research agenda, we recommend that teams of investigators coalesce around specific research questions and select a set of {\textquoteright}reference species{\textquoteright} to anchor their comparative analyses. These reference species should be chosen not just for practical advantages, but also with regard for their phylogenetic position, behavioral repertoire, well-annotated genome, or other strategic reasons. We envision that the nervous systems of these reference species will be mapped in more detail than those of other species. The collected data may range from the molecular to the behavioral, depending on the research question. To integrate across levels of analysis and across species, standards for data collection, annotation, archiving, and distribution must be developed and respected. To that end, it will help to form networks or consortia of researchers and centers for science, technology, and education that focus on organized data collection, distribution, and training. These activities could be supported, at least in part, through existing mechanisms at NSF, NIH, and other agencies. It will also be important to develop new integrated software and database systems for cross-species data analyses. Multidisciplinary efforts to develop such analytical tools should be supported financially. Finally, training opportunities should be created to stimulate multidisciplinary, integrative research into brain structure, function, and evolution.}, keywords = {Anatomy, Comparative, Animals, Biological Evolution, Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Species Specificity}, issn = {1421-9743}, doi = {10.1159/000360152}, author = {Striedter, Georg F and Belgard, T Grant and Chen, Chun-Chun and Davis, Fred P and Finlay, Barbara L and G{\"u}nt{\"u}rk{\"u}n, Onur and Hale, Melina E and Harris, Julie A and Hecht, Erin E and Hof, Patrick R and Hofmann, Hans A and Holland, Linda Z and Iwaniuk, Andrew N and Jarvis, Erich D and Karten, Harvey J and Katz, Paul S and Kristan, William B and Macagno, Eduardo R and Mitra, Partha P and Moroz, Leonid L and Preuss, Todd M and Ragsdale, Clifton W and Sherwood, Chet C and Stevens, Charles F and St{\"u}ttgen, Maik C and Tsumoto, Tadaharu and Wilczynski, Walter} } @article {1337134, title = {Differences in neural activation for object-directed grasping in chimpanzees and humans}, journal = {J Neurosci}, volume = {33}, number = {35}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Aug 28}, pages = {14117-34}, abstract = {The human faculty for object-mediated action, including tool use and imitation, exceeds that of even our closest primate relatives and is a key foundation of human cognitive and cultural uniqueness. In humans and macaques, observing object-directed grasping actions activates a network of frontal, parietal, and occipitotemporal brain regions, but differences in human and macaque activation suggest that this system has been a focus of selection in the primate lineage. To study the evolution of this system, we performed functional neuroimaging in humans{\textquoteright} closest living relatives, chimpanzees. We compare activations during performance of an object-directed manual grasping action, observation of the same action, and observation of a mimed version of the action that consisted of only movements without results. Performance and observation of the same action activated a distributed frontoparietal network similar to that reported in macaques and humans. Like humans and unlike macaques, these regions were also activated by observing movements without results. However, in a direct chimpanzee/human comparison, we also identified unique aspects of human neural responses to observed grasping. Chimpanzee activation showed a prefrontal bias, including significantly more activity in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas human activation was more evenly distributed across more posterior regions, including significantly more activation in ventral premotor cortex, inferior parietal cortex, and inferotemporal cortex. This indicates a more "bottom-up" representation of observed action in the human brain and suggests that the evolution of tool use, social learning, and cumulative culture may have involved modifications of frontoparietal interactions. }, keywords = {Adult, Animals, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Male, Movement, Pan troglodytes, Parietal Lobe, Positron-Emission Tomography, Psychomotor Performance}, issn = {1529-2401}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2172-13.2013}, author = {Hecht, Erin E and Murphy, Lauren E and Gutman, David A and Votaw, John R and Schuster, David M and Preuss, Todd M and Orban, Guy A and Stout, Dietrich and Parr, Lisa A} } @article {1337136, title = {Process versus product in social learning: comparative diffusion tensor imaging of neural systems for action execution-observation matching in macaques, chimpanzees, and humans}, journal = {Cereb Cortex}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 May}, pages = {1014-24}, abstract = {Social learning varies among primate species. Macaques only copy the product of observed actions, or emulate, while humans and chimpanzees also copy the process, or imitate. In humans, imitation is linked to the mirror system. Here we compare mirror system connectivity across these species using diffusion tensor imaging. In macaques and chimpanzees, the preponderance of this circuitry consists of frontal-temporal connections via the extreme/external capsules. In contrast, humans have more substantial temporal-parietal and frontal-parietal connections via the middle/inferior longitudinal fasciculi and the third branch of the superior longitudinal fasciculus. In chimpanzees and humans, but not in macaques, this circuitry includes connections with inferior temporal cortex. In humans alone, connections with superior parietal cortex were also detected. We suggest a model linking species differences in mirror system connectivity and responsivity with species differences in behavior, including adaptations for imitation and social learning of tool use.}, keywords = {Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Female, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Learning, Macaca mulatta, Male, Pan troglodytes, Social Behavior, Species Specificity, Young Adult}, issn = {1460-2199}, doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhs097}, author = {Hecht, Erin E and Gutman, David A and Preuss, Todd M and Sanchez, Mar M and Parr, Lisa A and Rilling, James K} } @article {1337138, title = {Early life stress affects cerebral glucose metabolism in adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)}, journal = {Dev Cogn Neurosci}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Jan}, pages = {181-93}, abstract = {Early life stress (ELS) is a risk factor for anxiety, mood disorders and alterations in stress responses. Less is known about the long-term neurobiological impact of ELS. We used [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) to assess neural responses to a moderate stress test in adult monkeys that experienced ELS as infants. Both groups of monkeys showed hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stress-induced activations and cardiac arousal in response to the stressor. A whole brain analysis detected significantly greater regional cerebral glucose metabolism (rCGM) in superior temporal sulcus, putamen, thalamus, and inferotemporal cortex of ELS animals compared to controls. Region of interest (ROI) analyses performed in areas identified as vulnerable to ELS showed greater activity in the orbitofrontal cortex of ELS compared to control monkeys, but greater hippocampal activity in the control compared to ELS monkeys. Together, these results suggest hyperactivity in emotional and sensory processing regions of adult monkeys with ELS, and greater activity in stress-regulatory areas in the controls. Despite these neural responses, no group differences were detected in neuroendocrine, autonomic or behavioral responses, except for a trend towards increased stillness in the ELS monkeys. Together, these data suggest hypervigilance in the ELS monkeys in the absence of immediate danger.}, keywords = {Animals, Brain, Female, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Glucose, Heart Rate, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Macaca mulatta, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Positron-Emission Tomography, Radiopharmaceuticals, Stress, Psychological}, issn = {1878-9307}, doi = {10.1016/j.dcn.2011.09.003}, author = {Parr, Lisa A and Boudreau, Matthew and Hecht, Erin and Winslow, James T and Nemeroff, Charles B and S{\'a}nchez, Mar M} } @article {1337135, title = {What can other animals tell us about human social cognition? An evolutionary perspective on reflective and reflexive processing}, journal = {Front Hum Neurosci}, volume = {6}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, pages = {224}, abstract = {Human neuroscience has seen a recent boom in studies on reflective, controlled, explicit social cognitive functions like imitation, perspective-taking, and empathy. The relationship of these higher-level functions to lower-level, reflexive, automatic, implicit functions is an area of current research. As the field continues to address this relationship, we suggest that an evolutionary, comparative approach will be useful, even essential. There is a large body of research on reflexive, automatic, implicit processes in animals. A growing perspective sees social cognitive processes as phylogenically continuous, making findings in other species relevant for understanding our own. One of these phylogenically continuous processes appears to be self-other matching or simulation. Mice are more sensitive to pain after watching other mice experience pain; geese experience heart rate increases when seeing their mate in conflict; and infant macaques, chimpanzees, and humans automatically mimic adult facial expressions. In this article, we review findings in different species that illustrate how such reflexive processes are related to ("higher order") reflexive processes, such as cognitive empathy, theory of mind, and learning by imitation. We do so in the context of self-other matching in three different domains-in the motor domain (somatomotor movements), in the perceptual domain (eye movements and cognition about visual perception), and in the autonomic/emotional domain. We also review research on the developmental origin of these processes and their neural bases across species. We highlight gaps in existing knowledge and point out some questions for future research. We conclude that our understanding of the psychological and neural mechanisms of self-other mapping and other functions in our own species can be informed by considering the layered complexity these functions in other species.}, issn = {1662-5161}, doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2012.00224}, author = {Hecht, E E and Patterson, R and Barbey, A K} } @article {1337139, title = {Face processing in the chimpanzee brain}, journal = {Curr Biol}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {2009 Jan 13}, pages = {50-3}, abstract = {Human face recognition involves highly specialized cognitive and neural processes that enable the recognition of specific individuals. Although comparative studies suggest that similar cognitive processes underlie face recognition in chimpanzees and humans ([6-8] and Supplemental Data), it remains unknown whether chimpanzees also show face-selective activity in ventral temporal cortex. This study is the first to examine regional cerebral glucose metabolism with (18)F-flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in chimpanzees after they performed computerized tasks matching conspecifics{\textquoteright} faces and nonface objects (Supplemental Data). A whole-brain analysis comparing these two tasks in five chimpanzees revealed significant face-selective activity in regions known to comprise the distributed cortical face-processing network in humans, including superior temporal sulcus and orbitofrontal cortex. In order to identify regions that were exclusively active during one task, but not the other, we subtracted a resting-state condition from each task and identified the activity exclusive to each. This revealed numerous distinct patches of face-selective activity in the fusiform gyrus that were interspersed within a large expanse of object-selective cortex. This pattern suggests similar object form topography in the ventral temporal cortex of chimpanzees and humans, in which faces may represent a special class of visual stimulus.}, keywords = {Animals, Brain Mapping, Face, Female, Glucose, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Pan troglodytes, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Positron-Emission Tomography, Task Performance and Analysis, Temporal Lobe}, issn = {1879-0445}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.048}, author = {Parr, Lisa A and Hecht, Erin and Barks, Sarah K and Preuss, Todd M and Votaw, John R} }